Focus Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Center Paper - Essay Example It is additionally characterize as (science) the procedure of an individual life form developing naturally; an absolutely natural unfurling of occasions engaged with a life form changing bit by bit from an easy to an intricate level (Gilligan, 1982). Improvement then again, alludes to the dynamic arrangement of changes of a deliberate and legitimate sort prompting the person's development; this definition infers that for advancement to be dynamic there is a bearing in the way where changes happen, improvement is likewise rational basically in light of the fact that the grouping of changes that happen are identified with one another and don't indiscriminately or unexpectedly (Gilligan, 1982). It likewise indispensable to examine the Importance of considering phases of improvement, factors in development and advancement, for us to have an away from of how one's profound quality develops and create, since ethical quality develops alongside individual'sgrowth and advancement. Significance of Studying Stages of Development. In numerous occurrences individuals meet offspring of shifting ages and miracle why every one of them shows various qualities (Erikson, 1959).The focal point of investigation of improvement absolutely focuses to these perceptions. An educator, who hopes to address the issues of his/her students, must know about the assortment of formative contrasts among his/her learners.The information on the example of human advancement will surely assist an instructor with knowing what's in store of youngsters and at what surmised ages certain examples of conduct may show up or are required to show up. Getting ready for guidance ought to likewise be founded on certain advancement standards, which by and large figure out what sort of realizing and measure of learning are proper for various age groups.In different cases information on formative examples will permit instructors to distinguish students with formative slacks or deferrals in order to give direction and mediation as right on time as possible.Thus educators must figure out how to perceive the hugeness of this information to their training accomplishment just as to the learning procedure (Boeree, 2003). Factors in Growth and Development. Two general elements impact human improvement to be specific: 1. Development or regular development coming about because of heredity; 2. Ecological Influences in and through which the developing happens. These two are factors are so altogether interrelated that it is difficult to confine their particular impacts. Each individual is brought into the world with unmistakable possibilities of improvement gave to him by his folks through innate possibilities for some sorts of personal conduct standards keep on creating for a considerable length of time or even years, this procedure by which heredity applies its impact long after birth is called development (Erikson, 1959). Methods of conduct at a given time in the life of an individual are not decide by heredity or condition working alone, rather they are the result of the connection between his acquired inclinations and possibilities and those natural impacts by which he is animated a that is the beginnings when one's profound quality develops and creates Beginnings of Morality. Infants have no size of qualities and no inner voice, they are in this manner moral nor shameless yet non-moral as in their conduct isn't guided by moral measures in the long run they will take in moral codes from their folks, and later from their educators and mates just as the need for

Church Lady free essay sample

I propose you search comics and religion and afterward go to Youth and search Lewis Black and Eddie and George and religion. Has one on the Ten Commandments. In the event that you are delicate to irreverence, dont do this. I dont need to be blamed for culpable your delicate youthful sensibilities. In the wake of watching Carvers Church Lady routine I can see a few likenesses between his character and the Image of Silence Do great that Franklin created.The church woman character cap Carrey impersonates is fundamentally the same as In demeanor to Silence Do great. She Is snide and Judgmental and, similar to Silence Do great, she ridicules certain regular traditions and convictions. The video that I viewed was a production where the congregation woman Is doing Interviews with celebrated individuals. In the production, the congregation woman Is Interviewing a Playboy model who Is protecting herself against claims that she was a prostitute.Although times are totally different presently, Issues, for example, a womans societal position are something cap have consistently been near. We will compose a custom article test on Church Lady or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another video I watched was Flip Willows banter with the fallen angel. In the video Bobby comes out as the fallen angel and he and Flip Wilson continue to have a discussion attempting to win the kindness of the assembly. In the play, Wilson lectures about goodness and having faith in God yet offers remark about free ladies as an afterthought. I can relate this with Silence Dogwoods compositions too since she discusses the irregularities in religion as well.I believe that Beck ND Thomas really share almost no for all intents and purpose. Beck is a fruitful anchor person who chose to re-compose Thomas work, Common Sense. Thomas was essentially ineffective in all that he did before he started composing works, for example, Common Sense that additional fire to the approaching upheaval. Beck attempts to relate basic day things to Thomas works yet his compositions were concerning a totally extraordinary political circumstance.

Twas the Night before Finals

‘Twas the Night before Finals My apologies to Clement Clark Moore. ‘Twas the night before finals, and all through the ‘tute, You would think that the students had all become mute. The freshmen were nestled all snug at their desks, While hoping for at least one 5 AM rest; And I with my physics, roommates with their chem, Had just settled down for some quick SHM, When out on the ‘net there arose such a clatter, I sprang to my Mac to see what was the matter. “I’m going to fail physics!” I saw one frosh yell. “Is torque in or out? There’s just no way to tell!” The seniors all clammered, “There’s no need to stress, You’re on pass/no record, and it’s just one test!” (“http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be6jlCuMvVQ,” Was what I replied, adding my two cents, too.) Though after a bit, that commotion died down, And I went back to physics and tried not to drown. But if you’re like me, your attention span’s shot, So I went to the kitchen to make something hot. Well, it turns out our suite had some Chinese around, And MIT moral code says to free food I’m bound, So armed with some chicken, to work I returned, But facebook then beckoned (you think I’d have learned…) ‘Bout two hours later, my status updated, My procrastination seemed slightly abated. So I went back to physics- attempt number three! And this brings us to now, about 1:23. My review sheet is awesome, my psets are read, My exams are all studied, and I am in bed. In just a few hours, fiziks will be done, And I will have finished exam number one. It’s hard to believe that just one year ago, I was just one of you- yeah, I still didn’t know! So while I wait for finals, and you for decisions, Here’s something to think about during admissions: Early admits, in one year you, too, could be, Freshmen learning the truth in: IHTFP!

Why Television Advertising Is Not Dying It Is Just Changing

DVRs are not a threat to TV advertising, however, they are transforming the playing field. TV advertising is not dying it is just changing. The way people watch TV has evolved; TV ads are simply evolving, with the rise of on demand TV and ads are being consumed differently (Blackett, 2012). Since 75 % of US households having a DVR, Netlfix account, or use on-demand (Leichtman Research Group, n.d.), marketers have no choice but to evolve with consumers. With the rise of DVRs, on-demand and streaming TV options, it is no longer just about the 30 second ad, it is about coming up with new innovative ways to evolve with this new way of watching TV. DVRs along with the other various ways for consumers to watch TV are proving to be the savior of marketers and their agencies (Fink, 2005). TV advertising messages have become more clever and much easier to track with the plethora of demographic data following TV viewers on the internet. It is human nature to dislike change, however, it is also in our nature to pursue control. When DVRs first started to gain speed, many marketers were terrified since they were accustomed to working with traditional media for so long. Little did they know that DVRs along with the next progressions of TV (streaming TV shows on Netflix, Hulu, Amazon etc) would be such as asset to the field of marketing. Now they are able to capture their target markets more affectedly than with traditional mass marketing on TV and consumers are able to be in theShow MoreRelatedThe Decline of Journalism as a Profession914 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds an informational environment that is easily available to all citizens such as newspapers. There is a large body of journalist that suggests that if television has taken over from the press as our main source of news this may limit our capacity to learn about public affairs; newspapers are believed to be far more effective than television at conveying detailed information necessary to understand complex and detaile d issues. There is also widespread concern that if journalism fails as a professionRead MoreFast Food Restaurants Should Sell Healthier Food or Be Banished1351 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone in the world is the healthiest he or she can be. The U.S is one of the unhealthiest countries in the world. The U.S is the unhealthiest because we have fast food restaurants everywhere people look, on every street corner or every block. This is why fast food restaurants should be banished in the US. Fast food is made up of products that are not good for people to eat. Fast food is low in nutrition. Fast food is high in trans-fat, saturated fat, sodium, and very high in calories. Fast food increasesRead MoreFrom my experience of technology, both here in UL and also from my time spent in post primary and1300 Words   |  6 Pageswhole, appears every day and is all around us. I think that today we take the majority of technologies for granted and we do not give them the credit they deserve. Let us take a few examples which we use every day, the lights in our houses, the televisions and also the mobile phones we use on a daily basis. However we must also consider the items which are non electronic, the medication which are constantly being improved to support a wide range of cures for diseases. We must also ask ourselves theRead MoreThe Digital Age in Music: How Advancements in Technology Are Re-Shaping the Industry3352 Words   |  14 PagesThe Digital Age in Music: How Advanceme nts in Technology are Re-shaping the Industry Michael Martin Monmouth University Abstract The ever-changing landscape of music distribution, due to constant advancements in technology, is sometimes hard to keep up with for artist, producer, and consumer alike. New editions of textbooks in Music Business classes are issued each year, and changes are made in the industry before the semester is even over. Because of this, it is vital for the industry toRead MoreTaking a Look at the Field of Marketing2210 Words   |  9 Pagesand consumers. This need to better understand these relationships and behaviors has truly developed the field of Marketing, ranging from the Old-School tactics used in the developmental stages of marketing, to the technological strategies using Television and other electronics of today’s generation, and even to tactics and strategies scholars believe Marketers will begin to use in the future. In various ways, marketing is older than civilization itself. Studies of ancient civilizations indicateRead More Lillian Schwartz and Tracey Moffat - Modern Technology and Modern Art3204 Words   |  13 PagesSchwartz as but two examples of artists today who use modern techniques. Moffat is an Australian contemporary artist who uses film extensively as an art-form, and many of her works are based on and reflect the modern technology of Hollywood movies and television. Schwartz is an artist who has a long history of using computer technology to experiment ways of creating and manipulating works of art. She has also written extensively about the topic of computer influence in art, and about art produced by computersRead MoreObesity : Causes And Effects2476 Words   |  10 PagesWhen you think of the general health of America, what first comes to mind? Most would likely answer this question along the lines of our population being overweight. Obesity is one of the leading causes of d eath in the US with at least 30,000 people dying from this disease each year (Obesity Epidemic). Obesity symptoms often arise at an early age and can lead to an array of issues well beyond excessive weight gain, but who is to blame? Many critics attribute the explosion of the disease to the widespreadRead More The War Against Underage Drinking Essay2488 Words   |  10 PagesA serious epidemic is overtaking this country. Underage drinking is spreading like a virus. It is not just teenagers in college that are drinking; there are numerous kids in high school, middle school, and even elementary school! How have we let it get this far? There is no excuse to be oblivious anymore. Underage drinking is right in front of our faces. It is killing our children. The good news is that this is a problem that can be fixed. There is no way of completely eliminating underage drinkingRead MoreFashion Advertising: The Price of Beauty5692 Words   |  23 PagesIntroduction of Fashion Advertising: The price of beauty Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience, viewers, readers or even listeners to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; includingRead MoreNetflix : Case Study Analysis10160 Words   |  41 Pagesway in which consumers watch movies and television shows. Their accomplishments both in innovation and in customer base for their service indicate that the firm has been, and continues to be, successful in doing so. Currently, the organization is the world’s leading Internet subscription service for watching movies and TV shows (Netflix, 2015). This number is comprised of 65 million members in over 50 countries that watch over 100 million hours of television shows and movies daily (Netflix, 2015)

Relation between Pearl and Nature in Nathaniel...

The Relation between Pearl and Nature in The Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthornes work, The Scarlet Letter, nature plays a very symbolic role. Throughout the book, nature is incorporated into the story line. One example of this is with the character of Pearl. Pearl is very different than all the other characters due to her special relationship with Nature. Hawthorne personifies Nature as sympathetic towards sins against the puritan way of life. Hesters sin causes Nature to accept Pearl. First it is necessary to examine how nature is identified with sin against the Puritan way of life. The first example of this is found in the first chapter regarding the rosebush at the prison door. This rosebush is located on one side†¦show more content†¦This rosebush symbolizes the sympathy of Nature towards the very people Puritan society has condemned. The idea illustrated by the rosebush can therefore be applied to the specific character of Pearl. Because Pearl was expelled from Puritan society Nature sympathizes with her. Natures sympathy and partiality with Pearl can be seen with the sunshine in the forest. Pearl attempts to catch the sunshine and according to Hawthorn Pearl . . . did actually catch the sunshine . . . The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate . . .(146). Hawthorn describes another sign of acceptance as the great black forest . . . became the playmate of the lonely infant(163). Hawthorne eventually declares that The truth seems to be . . . that the mother-forest, and these wild things which it nourished, all recognized a kindred wildness in the human child(163). All natural things and Nature accept this little girl who has been thrust out of Puritan society. A way to strengthen this point is to show Natures reaction to Hester. The strange thing is that the sunshine runs from Hester even though it was her sin against the Puritan laws that produced Pearl who is accepted by the sunshine or Nature. In fact [the sunshine] runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on [Hesters] bosom (146), the Scarlet Letter, which represents Hesters acceptance of Puritan law andShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesform of an image, the reader can visualize the concept more concretely. The old expression, â€Å"a picture is worth a thousand words,† applies to symbolism as the author creates a visual representation of ideas. The use of symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter helps to illuminate the overall meaning of the work. At the beginning of the book, the reader is introduced to a dark and gloomy town that had first built a prison and a cemetery. Amidst the depressing landscape, is a beautifulRead MoreSymbolism Of Forest And The Scarlet Letter1051 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism of Forest’s Aspects in Relation to the scarlet l`etter A In the Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne discusses the hurdles Hester Prynne, the protagonist, goes through due to her sinful nature with her child, the mocking Puritans, and the past always creeping up on her. Often these obstacles appear when she is in the forest, making it a very critical locality in the book. Nathaniel Hawthorne brilliantly uses symbolism to convey how the three main aspects of the forest—the stream, the logsRead More The Righteous Hester Prynne of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1193 Words   |  5 PagesHester of The Scarlet Letter       What lies behind us and what lies before us are small matters compared to what lies within us, stated Oliver Wendell Holmes. This eventually proves to be especially true for Hester Prynne, the main character in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. Hester Prynne, a fair young maiden whose husband had disappeared two years prior to the opening of the novel, has an affair with the pastor of her Puritan church, resulting in the birth of her child Pearl. BecauseRead More Symbols and Symbolism in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay2336 Words   |  10 PagesThesis Statement: Nathaniel Hawthorne used symbolism to bring meaning into his book The Scarlet Letter. I. Symbolism A. Definition B. Style II. Symbolism in characters A. Hester B. Dimmesdale C. Chillingworth D. Pearl III. Symbolism in objects A. The scarlet letter B. The scaffold C. The forest D. The brook IV. Symbolic relations between characters and objects A. Characters and the scarlet letter B. Characters and the scaffold C. Pearl and the forest Read MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s fictional work, The Scarlet Letter, is significantly influenced by his experience with transcendental beliefs and values. Transcendentalists believe they are at their best when they are self-reliant and independent. His wife, Sophia Peabody, practiced transcendentalism, but he spent a year living and working at Brook Farm in Massachusetts, which was a transcendental community. Influenced by Sophia’s interest in the transcendentalist movement, Hawthorne invested money in an experimentalRead MorePuritan Society In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne harshly criticizes Puritan society. From hypocrisy to forgiveness, Hawthorne uses hidden messages and motifs to express his criticism of society and to spread his messages. A social judgement explored by Hawthorne is that a m ajority perspective stifles individuality. Dimmesdale best exemplifies the social judgement presented in the novel. Puritanical society’s ideals suppress Dimmesdale’s desire to come out as a sinner because he has a status he isn’t willingRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1896 Words   |  8 PagesIn a surface examination of the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is quickly evident that no good things come from the wilderness. Therein, the wilderness is often associated with the savages and the devil. In his work The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne finds herself exiled by society for having an adulterous affair with the town reverend which brought forth the child known as Pearl. Pearl is quickly established as the child of the wilderness: wild, capricious, and thought by the town to be a demon-childRead MoreA Cultural Critical Reading Of The Scarlet Letter Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThrough a Cultural Critical reading of the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is evident that it is no t only great piece of American literature, but also an analysis of Hawthorne’s 18th century knowledge about the culture and society of Puritans. The Scarlet Letter is not really an accurate representation of Puritan culture; however, it does represent how Puritan culture was seen in the 18th century, and to the people in Hawthorne’s period, they were harsh towards women, children, and cruellyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesviewpoints on human nature. Locke believes that human nature is innately good; Hobbs thinks that human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester PrynneRead More The Scaffold of Sin in The Scarlet Letter Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scaffold of Sin in The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚   This scaffold constituted a portion of a penal machine . . . . The very ideal of ignominy was embodied and made manifest in this contrivance of wood and iron (Hawthorne 62-63). A scaffolds effect on the novel can be seen through an examination of the first, second, and third scaffold scenes.   These sections mark the beginning, middle, and end of the novel. The novel The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is constructed

Empowering Women Free Essays

The roles of women are gradually evolving to embrace what modern society offers them. Women are becoming empowered through education, jobs, promotions, through law and many other forms. It is not only seen in developed countries, it is also seen in developing countries as in the Pacific. We will write a custom essay sample on Empowering Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women are progressively being empowered to hold positions other than their traditional ones. Women being empowered have many advantages and disadvantages but it all comes down to three things: economic, social and political advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, the economic advantage of empowering women is that it helps improve their families’ living standards. Whether married or single, empowering of women, through an education or other means, helps to improve their family’s economic and financial standing. For example, according to Leach (1986, pp. 55-56), an estimated one-third of global households are headed by women, and they are responsible for feeding their families. Empowerment in the form of an education can secure for them a job, and hence ensures the continuance of their households. It is therefore clear that an empowered woman is important for the vitality of her household. Furthermore, empowered women are socially advantaged because it upgrades their social standing in society. In many countries, women are thought inferior to men, especially in developing countries. For example, â€Å"Swargo nunut neroko katut† means â€Å"Going to heaven or hell, a woman will merely go along with her husband† (Chrysanti 1998, p. 87). From this Javanese saying, it is possible to say that a married woman is limited by having no say in matters of the Javanese society, as even to the afterlife she is to follow her husband. Their being empowered may allow people in their society to seek advice from them, as they may be considered higher in standard by others. It is then safe to say that when women are empowered, they may have a higher standing in society than if they were not empowered. Moreover, involving women in politics is advantageous as women may provide fresh views. Politics is generally â€Å"male dominated† and decisions made are predominantly from a male point of view. A male cannot hold both male and female opinions and it is best that both genders be present in politics. For example, empowering women has provided for the need for equality to be heard. In the past, female doctors were unheard of and as time passed, the gradual empowering of women has led to women triumphing in medicine as doctors, nurses, lab technicians and so on. Once again, it is an advantage to a country and its citizens to promote female politicians in the government for the balance between views and opinions of males and females. However, being female disadvantages women economically as â€Å"women’s nature† may hinder success. A â€Å"woman’s nature† is generally thought of as emotional and hormonal, and, although not true for all, it may be for some. For example, Chrysanti (p. 93) says that a typical Indonesian woman [manager]†¦ does not rely on her gut feeling and is uncomfortable with taking risks. Chrysanti further says â€Å"While this may serve her well in most instances, she would probably find it harder to make quick, aggressive decisions†. This implies that risks and aggressive decisions may do well to save companies, however the typical Indonesian woman might not take risks and her decisions might cost her and her company. So in order for a woman to succeed economically, she may have to put aside her emotions. Although empowering women may uplift them socially, discrimination from males is still evident. As aforementioned, women may be highly regarded in society due to their empowerment but due to male discrimination, it may be difficult socially. History has proven that only the male had paid jobs, whereas the female performed domestic duties. As Moengangongo (1986, p. 88) stated, â€Å"The traditional ideal is that the male has always been the provider and the female the homemaker†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and this is a common understanding in many countries, making it harder for women to be employed or empowered, and if they did, some men may make it hard for them at the work place. As Kibel (2012) reports, â€Å"Certain forms of discrimination against women remain widespread. Out of 121 countries covered in the 2012 SIGI, 86 have discriminatory inheritance practices or laws. This thus proves that male discrimination is still evident today. So although women are gradually being empowered, men become obstacles in their empowerment. Additionally, there is a lot of competition in politics making female empowerment difficult. Since politics is male dominated, there is already existing competition between male politicians; women entering politics can be sure of an abundance of competition, and as the saying goes â€Å"whatever women do, they must do twice as well [as men] to be considered half as well [as men]†. For example, in Tonga, women rarely hold high positions in the government because numerous male competitors prevent it. ‘Alisi Taumoepeau is an example of a rare successful woman in politics, and this may only have been due to her doubled efforts. Therefore, no matter how qualified or empowered a woman may be, she will still face competition and she may have to work twice as hard to even be considered in politics. To conclude, there are many advantages and disadvantages of being empowered as a woman, the three main reasons being economically, socially and politically. As can be seen, empowering of women helps financially; it helps women gain respect and gives women a voice. We can also see that although empowering women is widely promoted, there are still many obstacles for women to overcome. It is strongly suggested that each country have or support programs that are dedicated to empowerment of women, so that women can be empowered for benefits of home and country. A country with empowered women is compared to a household headed by an empowered woman: wealthy, organized and cooperative. How to cite Empowering Women, Papers Empowering Women Free Essays The roles of women are gradually evolving to embrace what modern society offers them. Women are becoming empowered through education, jobs, promotions, through law and many other forms. It is not only seen in developed countries, it is also seen in developing countries as in the Pacific. We will write a custom essay sample on Empowering Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women are progressively being empowered to hold positions other than their traditional ones. Women being empowered have many advantages and disadvantages but it all comes down to three things: economic, social and political advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, the economic advantage of empowering women is that it helps improve their families’ living standards. Whether married or single, empowering of women, through an education or other means, helps to improve their family’s economic and financial standing. For example, according to Leach (1986, pp. 55-56), an estimated one-third of global households are headed by women, and they are responsible for feeding their families. Empowerment in the form of an education can secure for them a job, and hence ensures the continuance of their households. It is therefore clear that an empowered woman is important for the vitality of her household. Furthermore, empowered women are socially advantaged because it upgrades their social standing in society. In many countries, women are thought inferior to men, especially in developing countries. For example, â€Å"Swargo nunut neroko katut† means â€Å"Going to heaven or hell, a woman will merely go along with her husband† (Chrysanti 1998, p. 87). From this Javanese saying, it is possible to say that a married woman is limited by having no say in matters of the Javanese society, as even to the afterlife she is to follow her husband. Their being empowered may allow people in their society to seek advice from them, as they may be considered higher in standard by others. It is then safe to say that when women are empowered, they may have a higher standing in society than if they were not empowered. Moreover, involving women in politics is advantageous as women may provide fresh views. Politics is generally â€Å"male dominated† and decisions made are predominantly from a male point of view. A male cannot hold both male and female opinions and it is best that both genders be present in politics. For example, empowering women has provided for the need for equality to be heard. In the past, female doctors were unheard of and as time passed, the gradual empowering of women has led to women triumphing in medicine as doctors, nurses, lab technicians and so on. Once again, it is an advantage to a country and its citizens to promote female politicians in the government for the balance between views and opinions of males and females. However, being female disadvantages women economically as â€Å"women’s nature† may hinder success. A â€Å"woman’s nature† is generally thought of as emotional and hormonal, and, although not true for all, it may be for some. For example, Chrysanti (p. 93) says that a typical Indonesian woman [manager]†¦ does not rely on her gut feeling and is uncomfortable with taking risks. Chrysanti further says â€Å"While this may serve her well in most instances, she would probably find it harder to make quick, aggressive decisions†. This implies that risks and aggressive decisions may do well to save companies, however the typical Indonesian woman might not take risks and her decisions might cost her and her company. So in order for a woman to succeed economically, she may have to put aside her emotions. Although empowering women may uplift them socially, discrimination from males is still evident. As aforementioned, women may be highly regarded in society due to their empowerment but due to male discrimination, it may be difficult socially. History has proven that only the male had paid jobs, whereas the female performed domestic duties. As Moengangongo (1986, p. 88) stated, â€Å"The traditional ideal is that the male has always been the provider and the female the homemaker†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and this is a common understanding in many countries, making it harder for women to be employed or empowered, and if they did, some men may make it hard for them at the work place. As Kibel (2012) reports, â€Å"Certain forms of discrimination against women remain widespread. Out of 121 countries covered in the 2012 SIGI, 86 have discriminatory inheritance practices or laws. This thus proves that male discrimination is still evident today. So although women are gradually being empowered, men become obstacles in their empowerment. Additionally, there is a lot of competition in politics making female empowerment difficult. Since politics is male dominated, there is already existing competition between male politicians; women entering politics can be sure of an abundance of competition, and as the saying goes â€Å"whatever women do, they must do twice as well [as men] to be considered half as well [as men]†. For example, in Tonga, women rarely hold high positions in the government because numerous male competitors prevent it. ‘Alisi Taumoepeau is an example of a rare successful woman in politics, and this may only have been due to her doubled efforts. Therefore, no matter how qualified or empowered a woman may be, she will still face competition and she may have to work twice as hard to even be considered in politics. To conclude, there are many advantages and disadvantages of being empowered as a woman, the three main reasons being economically, socially and politically. As can be seen, empowering of women helps financially; it helps women gain respect and gives women a voice. We can also see that although empowering women is widely promoted, there are still many obstacles for women to overcome. It is strongly suggested that each country have or support programs that are dedicated to empowerment of women, so that women can be empowered for benefits of home and country. A country with empowered women is compared to a household headed by an empowered woman: wealthy, organized and cooperative. How to cite Empowering Women, Essay examples

Death of the hero free essay sample

Death of a Hero was published in 1929 but despite the time lag is very much a product of the First World War, in which Aldington fought, was wounded, and became recognised as a war poet. Incidentally, the distinction of becoming acknowledged both as a novelist and as a poet is a rare one. One thinks of Emily Bronte, Thomas Hardy and Lawrence Durrell (with whom Aldington would conduct a famous literary correspondence later in life), but the list is a short one. Death of a Hero was highly commended many years after its publication by Durrell, and while one has to be careful about this since Durrell was being sycophantic and could lay flattery on with a trowel when he felt like it, his judgement is sound. It has a fair claim to being the first truly modernist novel of the twentieth century, though To The Lighthouse was published in 1927, Women in Lovewas written during the First World War itself, and The Longest Journey as early as 1907. Despite the chronological order of these novels, however, there is a quality that sets Aldington apart from either Woolf, Lawrence or Forster. Woolf was concerned with the technical aspects of novel writing, most famously her use of the stream of consciousness technique, and with dissecting the psychological motivations of her characters. She was apt to forget Forster’s famous reminder that â€Å"the novel, oh dear yes, the novel tells a story†, and perhaps this had something to do with the decline in her popularity. Am I alone in finding her unnecessarily â€Å"difficult† to read? Aldington tells his story in direct, straightforward prose, and I use the word â€Å"story† deliberately since there is that unfashionable combination of elements: a beginning, a middle and an end (almost literally since the book is divided into three sequential sections). Lawrence was concerned, at least partly, with portraying the sexual aspects of human relationships, both actual and repressed. Aldington does not bother with these niceties but dives straight into describing sexual relationships as they actually occur, leaving the reader to draw their own conclusions. There is not the same analysis between the characters as occurs in The Rainbow and Women in Love. Here, the story is told and that is that. Aldington would probably never have come up with such memorable prose as describing someone as â€Å"not a coherent human being but a roomful of old echoes†, yet much of Lawrence’s conversation seems stilted and artificial to a modern reader, whereas Aldington’s does not. Incidentally, the lack of sexual analysis did not save Death of a Hero from the attentions of the censor, and substantial cuts had to be made before publication. Forster was of course a completely different sort of writer, one who liked to make his points by wry observation much in the way of Jane Austen or E. F. Benson, and it is probably no coincidence that both he and Benson were gay; there is the same deliciously camp flavour about both their prose styles. While some might take issue with this, one could argue that what he wrote were essentially novels of manners. Again, Aldington had little time for this. He tells us bluntly what happens and leaves the question of any judgement of the characters to the reader. It is this gift of ruthlessly honest observation, simply told, that distinguishes Aldington’s work and provides him with a distinctive voice, and it for this reason that I venture to call him a truly â€Å"modernist† writer. He is not playing around with technical fireworks, or trying to impress with florid prose, but telling a story acted out by deftly crafted characters. The story such as it is may be quickly told, though I am deliberately not going to give away the ending of the book save to say that it foreshadows a novel of the second war by Sartre. Had he read Aldington, I wonder? George Winterbourne is brought up in a seemingly conventional middle class family, though his mother has a string of affairs. Moving to London, he begins a thoroughly modern relationship with Elizabeth; both agree that they should be free to take other lovers. Eventually marriage results, again with the same agreement as to an open relationship. Things go awry, however, when Elizabeth discovers that on the nights she is spending with her lover of the moment, George is making love to her best friend. What is sauce for the goose, it transpires, is not sauce for the gander. The final section of the book can best be described by saying simply that the First World War intervenes and George goes off to fight in France. Though Aldington never stoops to judgmental passages, we are clearly meant to see Elizabeth as an unattractive character. She reminded me of various characters drawn by a similarly neglected English novelist, Patrick Hamilton, some of whose women are almost unbearably awful (and some of the men, in fairness, almost unbearably weak). I think the clue to the real meaning of the book lies in its title, however. For me, Aldington is saying that after the horrors of the war it is no longer possible even to keep up a pretence of the possibility of any sort of heroic or principled existence. There are clear auto-biographical elements here as Aldington was not only wounded physically during the war but also suffered for many years from the after effects of shell shock; perhaps that is why it took him so long to write this book, which he openly admitted was based partly on his own experiences of a decade before. George, the â€Å"hero† of the book, takes what people say at face value, and is disillusioned by the meaningless destruction of the war, and his fellow officers’ cynical reaction to it. A more complex character would probably have quickly worked out that this was no more than a defence mechanism to the horrors being witnessed on a daily basis, but George is not a complex character; he is one who says what he feels and expects others to do the same. Elizabeth is almost exactly the opposite so it is perhaps inevitable that their relationship is doomed from the outset. She speaks in euphemisms and expects others to understand what she only hints at. She espouses sexual freedom but does not expect her husband actually to practise it, and certainly not with her best friend. Aldington would write other novels, most notably Rejected Guest in 1939, but none would have the directness and freshness of Death of a Hero. He was a prolific writer of non-fiction, especially biographies and criticism, and achieved notoriety as the author of a hugely controversial revisionist biography of Lawrence of Arabia in 1954, the vitriolic reaction to which greatly upset him. By this time he was living in France, having left England for good in 1928, and in 1957 he began the literary correspondence with his near neighbour and fellow exile Lawrence Durrell that lasted until his death in 1962 and which has been published under the title Literary Lifelines. Aldington is well overdue a re-evaluation. In his early life he was married to the American poet Hilda Doolittle, usually referred to, especially by herself, simply as â€Å"H. D. †. According to no less an authority than Ezra Pound, it was Aldington and H. D. who together founded the Imagist school of poetry. As well as his friendship with Pound, he was also to have close relationships with Ford Maddox Ford (alias Hueffer) both he and H. D. took dictation of passages that became The Good Soldier – and T. S. Eliot. That he was a fine writer there can be no doubt; his biography of Wellington won the prestigious James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Yet in all his writings (or all of them that I have read, at any rate), and particularly when he is being at his most intimate such as in the later letters to Durrell, there is a melancholic nostalgia for a world which probably never existed, or at least not as he would have liked it to. There is the sense of someone who very much wanted to be part of the literary establishment but felt himself a perpetual outsider gazing in through the window like Cathy and Heathcliffe at the Lintons’ dance. His self-imposed exile, the reasons for which baffled his friends and which he never explained, even to Durrell, can be seen in this light. Reading between the lines, much of this may be laid at his own door; he seems to have found it difficult to sustain friendly relationships with other writers, or to come to terms with the lack of success which some of his books encountered, though much of this may well be the enduring long term after effects of shell shock, which was not in those days recognised as a disease requiring treatment, except in extreme cases, and certainly not on an ongoing basis (we know that he suffered from severe headaches in later life). It is precisely this quality of slight detachment, however, that makesDeath of Hero such an excellent novel. It is told as if by one standing passively on the sidelines and watching events unfold that, while they are part of one’s life, somehow have an air of unreality and unimportance. Lawrence Durrell was undeniably a great novelist, but maybe it takes one to know one.

Gaming Console (Android) Essay Example Essay Example

Gaming Console (Android) Essay Example Paper Gaming Console (Android) Essay Introduction In our generation, many application programs are being developed and are widely used in our industry, economy, education, and others; in short, application programs are now being part of our everyday life. In addition to this, many games are being created and developed with the use of different application programs more specifically the Android application program. The innovation and development of many application programs enhances the creativity and developmental skills of the programmers to make a more advanced and high class type of game. Android is from Google, and it has the most detailed interface of the available operating systems. It was released by Google in 2008 and became the No. 1 smartphone OS in the world. Because of its flexibility, you can set it up to meet your needs. Android is the most popular smartphone platform followed by IOS that is the easiest to learn, but Android offers more flexibility and control. On android phones, apps, games and content like movies and music are being sold in a one unified marketplace; it’s the Google Play Store. The apps and games in this store are about 675,000 which is just below the number of its competing company; the Apple’s App Store. Today, if people knows that you have a mobile phone that has an Android application program, people are amazed and is wanting to see the different features of that Android application program. So, the researcher became curious about the features of an Android operating system; more specifically the games because basically, when you’ve heard the word â€Å"Android apps†, you will definitely think about the game features of it. Gaming Console (Android) Essay Body Paragraphs When it comes to games, according to Jeffrey Van Camp, the Google Play store still pales in comparison to Apple’s thriving iPhone game selection, but it’s making up ground and many iOS developers are porting their games over. Things are beginning to change for gamers on Android. Our world is going crazy about smartphones and apps, the Android and iOS being two major rivals in the battle of mobile operating systems, their hardware and software technology had became close enough to give console quality gaming on tablets and smartphones. Thanks to the game developers who have used the hardware potential on such devices and made it possible to run HD games on these handsets. Although most smartphones are capable enough to run all sorts of games, but there exists a group of people who just exclusively love gaming on their Android or iOS devices and as a result gaming console projects have emerged to bring console gaming back on mobile devices. There was a time when Sony and Nintendo dominated the console gaming but now there are smart phones and wide availability of games in app store that match their experience stealing all the spot light from these pioneers. Companies like Nvidia are showing keen interest in mobile gaming consoles looking at their future. Android being open source has become a platform for mobile gaming consoles besides ability to run normal apps. Here are a few experimental mobile (Android) gaming console projects that will be available in 2013, 1. Nvidia Shield Nvidia shield has a gaming controller based design with 5 inch 1280 X 720 HD display and pixel density of 294 ppi. The console runs on powerful Nvidia Tegra 4 quad-core ARM A15 processor with 2 GB RAM and a 72 core GeForce GPU. The console comes with 16 GB of flash storage and Bluetooth, GPS and Wi-Fi. The sensors included are gyro and accelerometer, it has integrated speakers and it is a fully functional console with Dual analog joysticks, D-pad, Left/right analog triggers, Left/right bumpers, A/B/X/Y buttons, Volume control, Android Home and Back buttons, Start button and NVIDIA power/multi-function button. The console has dimensions 158mm (w) x 135mm (D) x 57mm (H) and weighs 579 grams. The battery capacity is 28. 8 watt hours. The console runs on Android 4. 2 stock JellyBean and supports Google Play, Tegra zone and comes with 2 pre-installed games. The console supports micro USB, micro SD storage card, 3. 5 mm headphone jack, mini HDMI output and ability to stream content and games wirelessly to your TV. The console has a price tag of 349 USD. 2. Quya Quya is a beautiful, affordable and hack able gaming console on Android for TV. The console runs on Nvidia Tegra 3 quad-core processor with 1 GB of RAM and GeForce GPU. The console runs Android 4. and 8 GB of internal flash storage, Bluetooth 4. 0, Wi-Fi, Ethernet and USB 2. 0. The console has Wireless controller with standard controls (two analog sticks, d-pad, eight action buttons, a system button) and a touch-pad. Others features of Quya is that every game is free to try, if you like that game, then you can buy it using credit or debit card. In addition to gaming, users can stream movies, shows and music right from their console. The memory is expandable via USB. Quya also helps you to create the game using your ideas and free Quya tools. You can even root it or add peripherals and that doesn’t tamper the warranty of Quya. You can buy the console at 99 USD, 49 USD for extra controller. 3. Game stick Ever thought of turning your TV into a gaming console just by plugging USB stick, Game stick is all about this. Plug the game stick to your TV HDMI port and it turns into a gaming console; controller comes with Bluetooth game pad. The console by PlayJam does have option of multi-functional dock that is available at Amazon that can wirelessly charge game stick and add up to 64GB of storage. Dock is also equipped with one HDMI, 3 USB ports and one Ethernet port. You can even add peripherals using dock or just use game stick and Bluetooth enabled game controller to play games on your TV. The standard bundle of game stick with game pad at $79 USD is not a bad deal. If you wish you can buy the multi-functional dock for 24. 99 USD to add more peripherals to your game stick. http://thetecnica. com/2013/05/future-of-mobile-gaming-with-android-gaming-console-project 1. 1. ) Rationale for this research Because of the continuous innovation and development of technology in our generation, many application programs are being created to make our life easier and convenient. Technology affects our everyday lives. Many people nowadays are having a pleasure time playing different applications and games on their mobile phones. They find it great and relaxing when they are playing games. For an individual that is only playing games on their mobile, it is an indication that he/she doesn’t take seriously the problems that he/she encounter in hi/her life which is one of the best way to enjoy life that God has given to us. The researcher thought about the game features of the most popular operating system for smartphone nowadays; the Android operating system (Android 4. 1 a. k. a Jelly Bean). The researcher wants to determine the different gaming consoles in an Android mobile. For us to have a more convenient and easeful access to the game features in Android mobiles, we need to know every data in the gaming console features of it. In studying this research, it is more helpful in the future for research and development of games in Android mobile if there’s an additional gaming console article or research about it. For future problems or inquiries regarding this matter, it can help people to have innovated further the games in Android because Android is an open source, it can be modified or anyone can develop its software. This research seeks to add to the body of knowledge in the field of game console applications in Android. 1. 2. ) Stat ement of the problem This study aims to have information about gaming console in Android mobiles. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Requirement Analysis, Design and Development . 1 What are the features of each available game consoles of Android? 1. 2 What are the designs of each game console application? 1. 3 How many Android games can be installed in every Android mobile? 2. Evaluation of the game console applications of Android 2. 1 What is the level of awareness of the respondents on the existence of Android games? 2. 2 How do the respondents rate the level of importance of the Android games in term of the following features? 2. 2. 1 Interface; 2. 2. 2 Functionality; 2. 2. 3 Availability; and 2. 2. Accessibility 2. 3 How do the respondents rate the level of effectiveness of the game console application of Android? 2. 4 What is the level of acceptance of the respondents to the game console applications of Android? 1. 3. ) Objectives The objectiv e of this research was: 1. In conducting this research, it seeks to determine the gaming console applications in Android mobile. 2. To add to a body of knowledge for the people to have information for future inquiries and problems about gaming console applications in Android mobiles. . A very careful survey to determine the response, awareness and acceptance of people for gaming consoles in Android mobile. 1. 4. ) Methodology This presents the research method used, the respondents of the study, instrumentation, data gathering techniques and procedures, the statistical treatment of data, software development methodology, and the technologies proposed to be used for development. Before going further on the discussion of this chapter, the process on how the research was conducted are as follows: 1. The researcher will be using books, internet and other professionals as reference to know the important information about the gaming consoles in Android mobile. If it needs to hire an IT exp ert for the researcher to have knowledge about it, then it may do. 2. The researcher will also use survey and questionnaires to determine how the respondents rate the level of importance of the Android game consoles in terms of the following features: 1. Interface 2. Functionality 3. Availability 4. Accessibility 1. 5. ) We will write a custom essay sample on Gaming Console (Android) Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Gaming Console (Android) Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Gaming Console (Android) Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How to Begin Your Career in Architecture

How to Begin Your Career in Architecture As in any profession, the steps to be an architect seem simple, involve a lot of hard work, and can be filled with fun. Simply put, becoming an architect involves education, experience, and examinations. Your journey from student to professional architect will move through several stages. You begin by choosing the right school for you. Step 1: School Some people become interested in designing and building things while still in high school is a great place to start to become an architect. Since the 19th century when architecture became a profession in the United States, you have to go to college to be an architect. This is the 21st century. But, many paths can lead to a career in architecture. In fact, you can become an architect even if you earn a bachelors degree from a school without an architecture program. But its a little more complicated. What is called higher education comes at different levels - undergraduate and graduate. You can earn an undergraduate degree in most anything - English, History, Engineering - and then be admitted to a graduate program in architecture to earn a professional degree in architecture. So, you dont even have to decide if you want to be an architect until after you receive a bachelors degree. Going this route, a professional masters degree in architecture (M.Arch) may take an additional three years beyond your four-year degree. You can also become an architect with a professional undergraduate degree (B.Arch), which in many architecture schools takes five years to complete. Yes, its a five-year program, and you only earn an undergraduate degree. A vital area of architectural study is the Design Studio, which is hands-on experience that consumes a lot of time. For students less interested in becoming an architect but still interested in architecture, most schools also offer NON-professional degrees in architecture - without the Design Studio. It turns out there are plenty of opportunities for architecture majors as well as for professional architects. Choosing the school that best fits your needs is the first step. If you possibly can, begin your career in architecture while still in school. Consider joining the American Institute of Architecture Students (AIAS). Look for a part-time job related to architecture or design. Do clerical work, drafting, or crowdsourcing for an architect or designer. Consider volunteering for an emergency relief organization or charitable program that provides design services for those in need. Whether you are paid or not, the experience will give you the opportunity to develop your skills and build a strong portfolio. Hopefully youve chosen a school with an active alumni. Does your university sponsor alumni homecomings, bringing your schools graduates back on campus? Get your face out there among the established architects - whether these gatherings are called networking opportunities or meet and greet gatherings, mingle with the people that you will forever be associated with as alumnus of the same college. Alumni are also a great source for externships. Usually short-term and unpaid, externships can do a number of things for your career. Externships can (1) kickstart the experience section of your resume; (2) help you test the waters, observing a real work environment, without the pressure and stress of having to produce a product like a project or paper; (3) allow you to shadow a professional architect for a day or work week, getting a feel for the professional side of architecture; and (4) help you determine your comfort level in a small or large architectural firm. Louisiana State University calls their externship program a chance to Get out of town! The difference between an externship and an internship is found in the name - an extern is external to the workplace, and all expenses are usually the responsibility of the extern; an intern is internal to the organization and is often paid an entry-level wage. Step 2: Architecture Experience Yay! Youve graduated from college or graduate school. Most graduates work for several years as interns in a professional architectural firm before they take licensing exams and become registered architects. For help finding an entry-level position, visit the career center at your college. Also look to your professors for guidance. But, the term intern is on its way out.  The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB), the licensing organization for architects, is highly involved with helping architecture firms mold neophytes into architects ready to contribute to a practice. Before you can even apply to take the test to become a registered architect, you have to have experience. What used to be called the Intern Development Program (IDP) is now the Architectural Experience Programâ„ ¢ or AXPâ„ ¢.  A beginning professional needs 3,740 hours of experience before earning a professional license. AXP certification is a requirement for initial registration to sit for the licensing exams. These required hours are associated with nearly 100 tasks  - for example, Review shop drawings and submittals during construction for conformance with design intent. How do you log experience?  Now theres an app for that  - My AXP App. How does NCARB help? Architecture firms are businesses and not schools - professional hours are best spent doing the business of architecture along with training new hires. NCARB helps the new graduate transition from being a student to becoming a professional without using some of a firms billable hours. Dr. Lee Waldrep, author of the Becoming an Architect book series, explains the value of this program when it was called IDP: In a recent discussion with an intern-architect a few years out of school, she confessed that while architecture school prepared her to think and design, it did not sufficiently prepare her to work in an architectural office. She further admitted that IDP, with its training areas, simply lists out what you need to do. Step 3: Licensing Exams In the United States and Canada, architects must take and pass the Architect Registration Examination (ARE) to receive a professional license in architecture. The ARE exams are rigorous - some students take extra coursework to prepare. A new set of exams, ARE 5.0, was implemented in November 2016. Although the tests are completely online, you cannot use your own computer. NCARB, the licensing organization that creates the test questions, works with Prometric test centers who administers the exams. Study for and taking the exams are usually accomplished during the AXP experience-gathering phase of a professional career. This can be the most stressful part of the process of becoming an architect - generally, youre not getting paid very much (because you are not a peak contributor to the architecture firm), preparing and taking exams is stressful, and all this comes at a time when your personal life is also in transition. Remember, however, that you are not the first person to go thro ugh these times. Step 4: Building a Profession After completing the ARE, some early-career professionals find jobs at the same firms where they first gained experience. Others seek employment elsewhere, sometimes in careers that are peripheral to architecture itself. Some architects start their own small firms after licensure. They may go it alone or team up with ex-classmates or co-workers. A strong career network will pave the way toward success. Many architects begin their careers in the public sector. State, local, and federal governments all hire architects. Generally, the jobs (and incomes) are stable, control and creativity may be limited, but your personal life that may have been put on hold can be reawakened. Lastly, its important to remember that many successful architects dont come into their own until they are into their 60s. When most people are set to retire, the architect is just beginning. Be in it for the long haul. Summary: Becoming an Architect Stage One: Complete an accredited professional architecture program at the undergranduate or graduate levelStage Two: On-the-job experienceStage Three: Pass the licensing exams - only then can you call yourself an architect.Stage Four: Follow your dream Sources Externships, LSU College of Art Design, http://design.lsu.edu/architecture/student-resources/externships/ [accessed April 29, 2016]History of the AXP,  National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, https://www.ncarb.org/about/history-ncarb/history-axp [accessed May 31, 2018]Architectural Experience Program Guidelines, National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, PDF at https://www.ncarb.org/sites/default/files/AXP-Guidelines.pdf [accessed May 31, 2018]Becoming an Architect by Lee W. Waldrep, Wiley Sons, 2006, p. 195

Architecture of the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Architecture of the UAE - Essay Example sis is now placed on projects to be completed within the specified project duration due to the current trend of shifting most projects towards the fast track approach. This has led to the need to pinpoint exactly the relevant causes of delay that have to be monitored during the entire phases of the project on time. (Olsen & West, 2007) There is a major construction boom in Dubai; Garhoud Bridge expanding hotels, sky scrapers, projects, palm islands, metro and so on, is currently in full swing. This requires a lot of investment and Dubai has been successful in attracting foreign investment by giving benefits such as residence visa and 99 year freehold ownership. All this has led into a vicious circle where the flow of money in Dubai has increased resulting increase in absolute prices which has in turn led to higher inflation. (Stern, 2009) Who is building this huge new city and its peers around the United Arab Emirates? Some of the worlds most acclaimed architects — whose reputations in western capitals, China, and India have put them in high demand — have been drawn to these desert lands. They include Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Tadao Ando, Rem Kolhaas, Carlos Ott and many others. (Kaufman, 2007) To the untrained eye, the Dubai of 25 years ago might have seemed an unappealing place to build. The region was more or less a blank slate. But to talented international architects striving to execute their unique vision and to the firms that grew around them, Dubai was fertile ground. Here there was no need to remove previously constructed housing complexes or industrial structures, theater districts or public buildings (Stern, 2009). There had been no visionaries or practitioners of architecture whose footprints would be erased in order to build anew. Most importantly, there were ample funds available, and the support of the local population who shared the new, unique vision of development. As a result, the imagination and creativity of the worlds greatest architects

BHS 420 Mod 1 CBT (Quantitative Reasoning) Essay

BHS 420 Mod 1 CBT (Quantitative Reasoning) - Essay Example 52). I agree with this statement and feel that it is important to learn critical thinking. Secondly, I would like to learn to understand the research process whereby accurate data can be obtained to support or disprove any particular hypothesis. Finally, I think that the ability to combine both qualitative and quantitative processes to achieve the answer to a research question is a superior approach. While both methods have their independent strengths, I believe that they are best used in combination to balance the data and increase understanding of the results. From a personal standpoint, i.e., outside of my professional career, I think that the knowledge gained from this course will allow me to perceive aspects in my daily life with a more accurate view because I will be constantly thinking about why events have happened. I will be considering possible explanations and will be equipped to analyze the information I encounter in a logical and reasonable manner; and I think this is applicable to all aspects of life. In writing about sports statistics, Guthrie (1994) stated that people â€Å"who are otherwise averse to quantitative reasoning will often become expert analysts when the subject being analyzed is of interest to them. A statistical argument presented in a context of ones experience is far more likely to be retained than one presented in the context of a hypothetical situation† (p. 1064). I think this validates my perception that critical thinking is not solely for professionals; it has application across all spectrums of hu man experience. History has revealed many people who have been considered geniuses in their field such as Beethoven in music or Earnest Hemingway in literature. Many of these individuals, however, were also known to suffer from manic-depression or what today is called Bipolar disorder. The health-related research

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay Power is a goal that most people strive for in their lives. When someone takes power for granted they can manipulate their friends and cause serious trouble. In terms of ancient history, specifically regarding ancient Rome, having too much power can lead to negative outcomes.  When someone mentions the name Julius Caesar, it triggers an image of Romes greatest leader in history. July 13, 100 B.C., was the beginning of a new era in Roman society. This marked the birth of Romes greatest political figure, Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius Caesars rise through Romes political ranks of Rome came quickly and it was believed by many individuals in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful for his own good. They also believed that he was becoming a threat of the Republican government.(CITE 7) After establishing himself as the dictator of Rome, the Senate believed that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power. This led to Senatorial conspiracy and eventually to his assassination . His assassination was a result of his dramatic rise to power, which posed a threat to the senates. Ultimately his sudden death was a result of various personal factors that offended the senators and created animosity between them and Caesar, deeming his death inevitable. His death leads to a domino effect, which happens to lead to the inevitable collapse of the Roman Empire. On March 15 44 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar was murdered by men in his own Senate; which is known as the Ides of March. Julius Caesar had many men that were coming up with a plot against him to assassinate him. Among the 60 men plotting to murder him, many were senators, which included Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Decimus Brutus Albinus (CITE 6). Fearing that fact if Caesar added Parthia to his conquests he would undeniably become king. Knowing that in four days Caesar was going on campaign against Parthia that time was pressing, so they had to make their move very soon (CITE 3)On the day of Caesars murder, the Senate held a meeting in a hall adjacent to Pompeys statue. At the beginning of the meeting, a man by the name of Cimber first knelt in front of Caesar to plead to him and recall his brother from banishment. When Caesar refused, Cimber yanked Julius toga down from his neck and stabbed him in the upright shoulder, since he was nervous and missed his neck. (CITE 2). The other conspirators followed suit and began to stab Caesar. When they were done the stabbing, Caesar lay dead with 35 wounds on his body.(CITE 3) Julius Caesars rise to power came in an amazingly short period of time, faster than many before him. Caesar gained authority through the use of his public image as a Populares because he was born into the ideal social class, as a Patrician. He came from an old and established family line that made it only natural for him to go into the involvement of politics and government. Due to his family background, he had ties to the populares who were well known Roman political leaders on the side of the people. Caesar was a popular politician representing the masses of the people. His charisma and military victories  over the Germanic tribes in Gaul and his victories in Egypt, enabled him to quickly advance up the political ranks. One of the most critical political moves he made that contributed to his unbelievable success was an important 3-way partnership. Caesar proposed this 3-way partnership known as the 1st triumvirate. This strategic alliance was made between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. It proposed by Caesar because there was increasing hostility between Pompey and Crassus. They divided up the Roman provinces between each other and the relationship between Pompey and Caesar was cemented by Pompeys marriage to Caesars daughter, Julia. However, the degeneration of the Triumvirate came with quickly with the death of Caesars daughter Julia, which broke the personal bond that Caesar and Pompey shared. This was followed by death of Crassus due to an attack by the Parthian army, which ended the Triumvirate. At the time of the First Triumvirate, the commonly known Republican form of government in Rome  was already well on its way to turning into a monarchy.   The first critical error Caesar made in his rise to power was when he was in Gaul. Caesar was accused of treason by some members of the senate because he had both tribunes on his side. Since they were on his side the tribunes both imposed their vetoes on the treason claim. The majority of the senate decided to ignore the vetoes and they ordered Caesar, who was now charged with treason to return back to Rome, without his army. Caesar did return to Rome but he did so with his army. As soon as he crossed the Rubicon River, he had in fact legally, committed treason. He was committing imperium, as he was exercising imperium when forbidden by the law. Waiting for Caesar was Pompey with his army, and the battle of Pharsalus took place in 48 BC. Caesar won the battle and Pompey was forced to flee to Egypt. Due to Caesars political innovation techniques, he was able to make political alliances that helped him rise in power, and that left him as the leader of the Roman world. Once Caesar returned to Rome he ruled alone where he began a platform of reform for Rome. He decided to make himself dictator for life and he appointed his own personal senators. Many citizens were hoping that, after the Civil War had ended, Caesar would restore the constitution and make the laws and the courts function again.(CITE 5) As he conquered more and more enemies, he became increasingly popular with the people of Rome. His military victories are what gave him ultimate political popularity and furthered his claim as true leader of Rome. His military prominence is what helped Rome flourish into arguably the greatest ancient civilizations in history. His outstanding military campaigns are what helped Rome prosper in both size and power. He increased the size of the Senate from about 600 members to 900, bringing in new men into the ranks of office holders. (CITE 5). He gave the poor new jobs and they became faithful supporters, furthermore increasing his popularity with the peop le. He also assisted the poor citizens by regularly checking the spread of money throughout Rome to make sure that no one was living too poorly (CITE 5). In addition, he rewarded thousands of Veterans with pieces of land and cash bonuses. (CITE 5). This was another smart strategy that Caesar implemented which made his soldiers fight better, because they had a cause to fight for, which was their land, family, and leader. With this act Caesar made Rome a more wealthy, open, and safe place to live. With Caesars quick increasing popularity the Senate tried to prevent Caesar obtaining the position of the consulate, which was a very important position because it was the position that was in charge of Romes defence forces. The Senate felt that Caesar wanted to take on the position of king of Rome. The divine honours that he accepted, the temple, the priest, the name divus Julius, and the festivals that marked the rule of the hellenistic monarchs, all point in that direction. It was thought by many in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful, and that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power.(CITE 5) To the Senate this was a major threat towards the stability of the Roman Empire and this would have drastically reduced the power of the Senators. They feared that Caesar would turn the Roman Republic into a tyrannical monarchy (CITE 6). Caesar said that the republic was but a name without substance or form.(CITE 5) He called many assemblies to have them vote on laws that were constructed by him and to and to elect the candidates he had personally chosen. His disrespect of the constitution of Rome was on full display by an event in the year 45 BC, which was two and a half months before his death. Word came to Caesar that a consul in his office had suddenly died. Caesar quickly called an assembly and had it elect a new man to take over the position. This made the Senate extremely angry with Caesar and thus, the idea of eventually getting rid of Caesar by murder, was starting to evolve. The motive for the Senates killing of Caesar was ultimately out of personal hatred. They had personal animosity towards Caesar for his actions towards them. The friends of Caesar were infuriated to see him promote former enemies to positions of equality with themselves. Many of these former enemies, instead of feeling gratitude toward Caesar for their lives and for the benefits they had received, continued to feel resentment because they had lost so much to Caesar. (CITE 6). Many blamed Caesar personally for the setbacks that they or their families suffered. No Roman in history had ever exerted so much control over the lives of his fellow aristocrats more than Caesar. According to (CITE 6) the motive for the murder of Caesar was established when he sat in his golden chair before the new temple of Venus, the mother of his house, Caesar failed to rise to thank the fathers. This contributed to personal hatred on Caesar by the Senate. There were more than 60 senators associated with the plot. Many of them were Caesars former close friends. They had their own reasons for joining in on the organization, but majority were at a personal level. Many felt Caesar personally insulted them or their families. Therefore, Brutus and Cassius became the leaders in a plot to slay the Caesar, along with 60 other men, mainly pardoned by Caesar who were determined to carry out the deed of murdering him. (CITE 5). There were two key men who had an extreme personal hatred for Caesar and were the leaders in creating the perfect plot to murder him. Their names were Gaius Cassius, and Decimus Brutus, who was a special friend of Caesar. They both wanted personal revenge on Caesar with all the suffering they went through in the civil war Caesar created. Gaius Cassius Longinus was the first leader of this conspiracy who also had deep resentment for Caesar. The first thing Caesar did to infuriate Cassius was when he bypassed Cassius for the prestigious urban praetorship, consulting the office on Brutus instead. Cassius was also offended by Caesars unwillingness to award him the consulship until 41 BCE. (CITE 6). In addition, Caesar was very hesitant trust Cassius, even though he was one of the most experienced and able military commanders of his day. (CITE 4) He never rewarded Cassius with a major command position which suggests a lingering distrust, which is confirmed by Caesar light hearted remark t o his friends, that he suspected Cassius because of his paleness (CITE 5). On the other hand, Marcus Junius Brutus is the other best known figure in the conspiracy and he had a strong personal reason for his resentment of Caesar. Brutus was a very close friend of Caesar and Caesar trusted Brutus above all others in his administration. There was an apparent rumour which suggested that Caesar had an affair with Brutus mother, Servilia and it had provoked the idea that he was Caesars natural son. There were more rumours suggesting the she offered Caesar her daughter Tertia who was Brutus half-sister. (CITE 6) With all of these events, Brutus must have been deeply embarrassed by the matter, and his mothers conduct is one possible explanation for his personal motivation to kill Caesar. The sum of the evidence suggested that the personal motives Cassius and Brutus might have had for participating in the conspiracy to kill Caesar, also led them to hate Caesar for impeding their careers at several vital stages. Ultimately, Julius Caesar was a man of great care and charisma who also desired power, but above all, wanted to witness the citizens of Rome thrive under his authority. When he defeated Pompeys army and gained control of all of Rome, he began to establish reforms intended to make the people of Rome happier and more prosperous at all levels of society. He quickly became beloved by his citizens and gained incredible popularity among the Roman people. His increasing popularity and power became a grave threat to a group of Senates who were worried they would lose all of their power. The conspirators who feared the Caesar, created a plot to murder Romes greatest political figure. Led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, the group of conspirators butchered Caesar until his death on the footsteps of the statue of Pompey. The motive clearly influencing these two men to kill Caesar was undeniably at the personal level. Their personal hatred towards Caesar is what led to the fall of Rome some f ive hundred years later. Julius Caesar made many key contribution to make Rome as successful and as powerful as it was. The chaos that ensued after his death, and the ultimate collapse of Rome, proves that his assassination was indeed a tragedy.

Is Poetry Dead Essay

Yes, poetry is dead to some extent. Poetry in the classical sense is dead anyway, but there is still poetry in today’s society. We may not look at it in the same way we did years ago because it has changed. We as a society do not take the time to read as we once did, to understand and enjoy literary text. I agree with Wexler’s statements â€Å"we have become lazy and lack the knowledge, commitment, and patience to understand and enjoy poetry. † I myself do not understand poetry and do not want to take the time to read enough of it to understand it. According to Wexler â€Å"It is difficult to imagine a world without movies, plays, novels and music, but a world without poems doesn’t have to be imagined. † It is difficult to imagine such a thing but if we look closely we might find poetry in all of those places. Today’s society is a fast-paced one and the entertainers have adapted to this way of life. They make novels into short stories on film, leaving out critical parts in the novel, to appease our appetites for entertainment on a tight schedule. â€Å"My interest waned,† writes Wexler. â€Å"On the surface, I suppose it was because I had other interests that demanded my time and attention: I got married, had children, pursued my career, bought a house. With apologies to Frost, I began to find more relevance in articles about interest rates than essays on the sprung rhythm of Hopkins. † With the computer age comes less time to sit and read for pure entertainment. There are video games, internet and such that replace the enjoyment of a good book. People do not sit and discuss a good book as they once did; we discuss the latest movie or play instead, because we feel that these things take up less of our time than reading. I myself only read when I need to and even then I usually skim through to get the highlights. But as to the art of poetry being dead all together as Wexler’s states I disagree. We can find poetry everywhere if we look. Look at some of the modern music of today’s society it is there form of poetry. According to Kay Day, â€Å"I have a theory about that, one that rests on the fact that poetry has splintered into a number of different factions. There is poetry for the page, a type of poetry that appeals to those who enjoy scholarship and intellectual challenges. Then there’s slam poetry, popular among youth, that relies on thumping rhythm and aggressive rhyme. Formal poets espouse rhythm and meter based on traditional forms such as the sonnet. Personal poetry, also known as journal poetry, serves up stockroom emotions in a variety of forms, and this poetry usually reflects the writer’s emotional state in a familiar way. † I agree with this statement the world has changed and evolved to view poetry in many different lights. Some food for thought, in doing research I also found a couple of articles that I found interesting and another reason that poetry could not be dead. Victor Infante, â€Å"If Wexler had made one iota of effort, he’d have noticed a few things: like thousands upon thousands of people attending recent poetry festivals in locales as diverse as Orange County, California, and Austin, Texas†¦ Or the 10,000 people who attend the National Poetry Slam Finals annually†¦ Or the fact that poetry sales have been rising for years now, even through the bad economy. Poetry has actually transformed over the years, and it’s quite possible that Wexler has missed the boat. So, Bruce, here’s the crash course: Poetry is no longer insular — it’s a living, growing, vibrant art form. Poetry is no longer the province of the white middle class — it’s been embraced by youths and minorities. Poetry is not uncool — why else would teenage black kids in inner cities so proudly proclaim themselves poets? † Justin Barrett, â€Å"We have done away with the oral tradition and our culture morphed into a televised tradition. Poetry doesn’t work well in the televised world, and it all but disappeared. But, with the advent and spread of the internet, poetry is once again given the space to flourish. As of right this second, Googling the word â€Å"poetry† yields 19,700,000 separate hits. † Works Cited Day, Kay. â€Å"Why Poetry† First publication, â€Å"Uncommon Ground,† at Jacksonville. com, the Florida Times-Union Net site, July 15, 2003 http://kayday. com/why_poetry. htm Infante, Victor. â€Å"Once Again, Poetry Is Dead? It must be true, because Newsweek said it† 2004-2005 Atlanticrock. com http://www. atlanticrock. com/OpenMic001. html Barrett, Justin. â€Å"Poetry Isn’t Cool† http://www. myfavoritebullet. com/ESSAY_barrett_POETRY_isnt_COOL. html.

Feminist Language Planning Essay

1 Feminism and language There is no doubt that feminism has been and continues to be one of the main social movements of this century. Its impact is felt in many societies around the world and in many spheres of life. The women’s or feminist movement strives, amongst other things, for the elimination of gender discrimination and for the greater recognition of women’s contributions to society as well as aims to change many cultural and social practices which perpetuate patriarchal value systems. Language was and is seen by many feminists as a powerful instrument of patriarchy: for example, the feminist Dale Spender, spoke of the English language as being ‘manmade’ and as being an important contributor to women’s oppression (Spender 1980). It is therefore not surprising that language and discourse practices were and are subjected to feminist scrutiny, often leading to elaborate and detailed descriptions of sexist practices affecting language use. 2. Feminism and linguistic re form Feminists, at least in western societies, also expressed a desire to change the patriarchal and sexist ‘nature’ of language and therefore engaged in various types of linguistic reform or language planning. Although many feminists shared the belief that changing linguistic and discourse practices is an important element in women’s liberation, this did not result in a uniform approach to linguistic reform (see e.g. Pauwels 1998). The social, cultural, political and philosophical diversity which characterizes members of the feminist movement is also reflected in the approaches to and aims for feminist language reform. For example, not all forms of feminism, interpret women’s liberation as a question of achieving mere equality of the sexes. Similarly, not all linguistic reform proposals have as their main aim the achievement of linguistic equality of the sexes. Some reform initiatives primarily aim at exposing the sexist nature of ‘patriarchal’ lan guage by causing linguistic disruptions. The strategies used to achieve linguistic disruption frequently involve experimentation and creativity with all parts of speech. The word ‘herstory’ to refer to history which is not only about men, is an example of linguistic disruption: a morphological boundary has been reconstituted to + on semantic grounds. Creating a women-centred language capable of expressing reality from a female perspective is another prominent objective of some forms of feminist language planning. Proposed changes range from the creation of new women-centred meanings for words like ‘witch’, ‘hag’ and neologisms such as ‘malestream’, ‘femocrat’, graphemic innovations including ‘womyn’ or ‘wimmin’ and ‘LehrerIn’ (German), to developing women-focussed discourses and even creating an entirely new language. An example of the latter is the LÃ ¡adan language created by the science-fiction writer and linguist, Suzette Haden Elgin ‘for the specific purpose of expressing the perceptions of women’ (Elgin 1988:1). Despite this diversity in reform initiatives and objectives for feminist language planning, it is the ‘linguistic equality of the sexes’ approach which has become synonymous with feminist language planning in the eyes of the wider community. This is in part due to the prominence of liberal feminist approaches in the public arena which focus on achieving sex/gender equality. Linguistic discrimination is seen as a form of sex discrimination which can be addressed in ways similar to other forms of sex discrimination (e.g. in employment). In fact the question of gender bias in occupational nomenclature is directly linked to gender discrimination in the employment arena. The prominence of the linguistic equality approach is also due to the media’s attenti on to non-sexist language guidelines, the main instrument of promoting this type of feminist language reform. Advocates of the linguistic equality approach use the strategies of gender-neutralisation (sometimes gender abstraction) and/or gender-specification (feminisation) to attain their goal of creating a language system which allows for a balanced representation of the sexes. Gender-neutralisation involves minimising or eliminating gender-specific expressions and constructions. It entails ‘that any morphosyntactic and lexical features marking human agent nouns and pronouns (or other parts of speech) as masculine or feminine are ‘neutralised’ for gender, especially in generic contexts’ (Pauwels 1998: 109). Examples for English include the elimination of gender-suffixes of -ess, -ette, -(tr)ix in relation to human agent nouns (e.g. hostess, aviatrix, usherette), the creation of compound nouns involving -person (e.g. chairperson, tradesperson), and the avoidance of generic ‘he’. Gender-specification (also known as feminisation) is a strategy used to achieve linguistic equality by making the ‘invisible sex’ (in most cases, women) visible in language through systematic and symmetrical marking of gender. Although English does not use this strategy much (it is found more often in languages with grammatical gender), the use of ‘he or she’, and of phrases such as ‘police women and men’, ‘actors and actresses’ in generic contexts exemplifies the gender-specification strategy. Underlying the linguistic equality approach to reform is a belief that making changes to linguistic forms will contribute significantly to the promotion of non-sexist meanings. 3 Evaluating feminist linguistic reform In the previous section I indicated that there are several approaches to feminist language reform and that the linguistic equality approach is the most prominent and possibly, the most widespread one. In this paper my focus is on the evaluation of the linguistic equality approach. Evaluating the outcome (a result or an effect of an action) is a crucial aspect of any form of language planning. Language planners together with the interest groups, agencies or institutions which encouraged, demanded or sanctioned (allowed) the reforms are usually keen to assess the impact of planning on the linguistic behaviour of the individuals, groups or communities targeted by the reforms. Whereas advocates and/or opponents of linguistic reform are primarily interested in the extent to which the linguistic reform proposals have been adopted or rejected, for language planners the evaluation exercise also provides valuable information on the process of language planning, the factors which facilitate an d/or obstruct change. A further interest for language planners who are also linguistic scholars is the possibility of comparing the process of the spread of so-called ‘planned’ vs ‘unplanned’ linguistic change thus contributing to a better understanding of linguistic change. Here I wish to explore two major aspects of the evaluation of feminist language planning: (1) Evidence of the (successful) adoption of feminist linguistic proposals; (2) Insights into the ways feminist language changes spread throughout the community. The adoption and spread of feminist linguistic reform are examined in relation to a prominent feature of feminist linguistic reform of the ‘linguistic equality’ type: the use of gender-neutral and/or gender-inclusive occupational nouns and titles. Data for this discussion come mainly from English, although reference is also made to Dutch, French and German studies. The discussion of linguistic spread is very preliminary as most data have not yet been subjected to a thorough analysis: i.e. only trends will be noted. 4 Adopting feminist linguistic reform: success or failure? 4.1 Occupational nomenclature In many western societies feminist concerns about gender bias in occupational nouns, professional titles and terms attracted attention primarily through its link with Sex Discrimination Acts and other legislation aimed at eliminating gender-based discrimination in employment. Feminists and women activists in a range of professional bodies highlighted the fact that occupational and professional nomenclature used in employment-related contexts displayed bias in favour of men leading to women’s invisibility in this area of language use. For example, linguistic practices found in many job classifieds assumed applicants to be male. Male-stereotyped language was used to describe applicants (e.g. aggressive, dynamic, virile). The use of ‘masculine’ generic nouns and pronouns (e.g. the applicant – he; storeman, tradesman, cameraman – he) further reinforced the ‘maleness’ of the desired applicant. Research in the 1970s and 1980s (e.g. Bem & Bem 1973, Hamilton 1988, Kidd 1971, Mackay & Fulkerson 1979, Martyna 1978, Pincus & Pincus 1980, Schneider and Hacker 1973, Wilson & Ng 1988) found evidence that masculine generic nouns and pronouns were seldom interpreted in a generic, gender-neutral sense. Instead they were associated with male-specific images in many language users. Two major strategies emerged to eliminate this gender bias in occupational nomenclature: gender-neutralisation and gender-specification (feminisation). Selecting one strategy over another seems partly linked to linguistic typology. Gender-specification as a main strategy is more likely to occur in the case of grammatical gender languages (e.g. German, French, Italian, Spanish) which still have productive gender suffixes (e.g. German). Gender-neutralisation is more likely to be applied to languages with a natural gender system (e.g. English) or languages in which gender suffixes are less or no longer productive (e.g. Danish, Swedish and Dutch). However, the choice of the main strategy is also influenced by extra-linguistic or social arguments. Gender-neutralisation is clearly aimed at ‘taking gender out of the occupational arena’. In other words, the aim is to have a society in which a person’s sex has no relevance or significance for their occupational status. Proponents of the feminisation strategy, on the other hand, argue that it is socially more effective to achieve linguistic equality by showing that there are an increasing number of women in all areas of the paid work force, i.e. women’s participation in the work force needs to be made more visible through the strategy of gender-specification or feminisation. In order to demonstrate successful adoption of feminist linguistic reform in this area of language use, evidence needs to be found that the feminist alternatives are used increasingly in preference to the gender biased forms and that the actual use of the feminist alternatives is in line with their promoted use. In language planning terms , successful feminist linguistic reform entails evidence that the feminist alternatives move from a status of ‘discouraged’ or even ‘disapproved’ use to that of ‘tolerated’, and eventually ‘preferred’ or ‘promoted’ use (Kloss 1968). Findings from Dutch, English, French (see especially Burr in this volume) and German research into the adoption of non-sexist occupational nomenclature confirm that feminist linguistic alternatives are (increasingly) used, although adoption rates vary substantially from language to language and vary according to linguistic context/genre. For the purposes of this paper I will confine the presentation of evidence to that found in relation to the print media (mainly newspapers). English speech communities seem to lead the way in the adoption of feminist linguistic alternatives for occupational terms. Cooper (1984) studied the impact of feminist language planning on the use of masculine generic pronouns and nouns (including occupational nouns) on a corpus of 500000 words taken from American newspapers, current affairs and women’s magazines covering the period 1971 – 1979. He found a dramatic decline in the use of masculine generics, especially of generic ‘man’ and generic ‘he’: their use fell from 12.3% per 5000 words in 1971 to 4.3% in 1979. In New Zealand Meyerhoff (1984) analyzed changes in the use of masculine generics in a corpus of 150000 words taken from five newspapers with a different audience (i.e. a national and a regional daily, a student newspaper, a TV magazine and a women’s magazine as well as a monthly publication of the New Zealand’s journalists’ union). Her study found evidence of a significant reduction in the use of masculine generic nouns and pronouns with the decrease being most pronounced for the student newspaper and the journalists’ union publication. The only publication to support ‘- person’ compounds was the student newspaper. Holmes’ analysis of the occurrence of ‘-person’ vs ‘-man’ and ‘-woman’ compound forms in the Wellington Corpus of Written New Zealand English covering the period 1986 – 1989 found that most such forms occurred very seldom (1 per 1 million words) with the exception ‘spokesperson’ and ‘chairperson’ (Holmes in press). The use of these two forms, however, was considerably lower than that of their masculine generic alternatives: ‘spokesman’ and ‘chairman’. The corpus revealed 6 instances of ‘chairperson(s)’ vs 109 for ‘chairman/men’ and 2 for ‘chairwo man/women’. ‘Spokesperson(s)’ occurred 4 times in the corpus, ‘spokespeople’ once, ‘spokeswoman/women’ twice and ‘spokesman/men’ 36 times. Holmes (in press) did note that the ‘overwhelming majority of the instances of chairman were identifiable as male, a sad reflection of the social reality that it was men who held this position most often, even in 1986’. She found only 4 instances of ‘chairman’ being used to refer to a woman. My own study which comprised a corpus of 200000 words taken from two national Australian newspapers in 1992 and in 1996 similarly found an overall low incidence of -person, -man and -woman compound forms. The number of occurrences of ‘chairman/chairwoman/ chairperson’ revealed the continued predominant use of ‘chairman’, although a breakdown of the numbers according to referents showed that ‘chairman’ was predominantly used to refer to male referents. The few occurrences of ‘chairperson’ and ‘chair’ (see Table 1) do not allow for an interpretation of emerging trends. In the case of ‘chairman’ I would have to agree with Holmes’ comment that its continuing, frequent use reflects the fact that far more men than women continue to occupy this position. It should also be said that newspaper articles are not an ideal source to establish generic uses of this term, as most references to this position specify the incumbent. In the case of ‘spokesman/spokeswoman/spokesperson’ a more substantial change can be noticed: although 38 instances of ‘spokesman’ were recorded, ‘spokesperson’ appeared 32 times. A breakdown in terms of referents showed that 47% of ‘spokesman’ uses referred to a male and that ‘spokesman’ was never used to refer specifically to a female. Most uses of ‘spokesperson’ had no specific referent. There is also some indication that ‘spokesperson’ is being used in connection with male as well as female referents, hence avoiding the trend that the ‘-person’ compound is used as a mere substitution for the ‘-woman’ compound form.